• Introduction to SQL Syntax
• Data Types and Their Uses
• Basic SQL Commands: `SELECT`, `FROM`, `WHERE`
• Filtering Data with `WHERE` Clause
• Sorting Data with `ORDER BY`
• Limiting Results with `LIMIT` or `TOP`

 • Aggregate Functions (`COUNT`, `SUM`, `AVG`, `MIN`, `MAX`)
• String Functions (`CONCAT`, `SUBSTRING`, `TRIM`, `UPPER`, `LOWER`)
• Date and Time Functions (`NOW`, `DATE`, `DATEDIFF`, `TIMESTAMP`)
• Mathematical Functions (`ROUND`, `CEIL`, `FLOOR`, `ABS`)
• Conditional Statements (`CASE`, `IF`)

 • Joins: `INNER JOIN`, `LEFT JOIN`, `RIGHT JOIN`, `FULL OUTER JOIN`
• Nested Queries and Subqueries
• Using `UNION`, `INTERSECT`, and `EXCEPT`
• Grouping Data with `GROUP BY`
• Filtering Groups with `HAVING`

 • Inserting Data into Tables (`INSERT`)
• Updating Existing Data (`UPDATE`)
• Deleting Data (`DELETE`)
• Merging Data (`MERGE`)
• Using Transactions: `BEGIN`, `COMMIT`, `ROLLBACK`

 • Creating and Modifying Tables (`CREATE`, `ALTER`, `DROP`)
• Defining Primary and Foreign Keys
• Constraints (`NOT NULL`, `UNIQUE`, `CHECK`, `DEFAULT`)
• Indexing for Performance Optimization
• Understanding Normalization and Denormalization

 • Creating and Managing Views
• Advantages of Using Views
• Introduction to Stored Procedures
• Writing and Executing Stored Procedures
• Using Variables and Control-of-Flow Statements in Procedures

 • Creating User-Defined Functions (UDFs)
• Scalar vs. Table-Valued Functions
• Introduction to Triggers
• Creating and Managing Triggers
• Use Cases for Functions and Triggers

 • Managing User Permissions and Roles
• Granting and Revoking Access Rights
• SQL Injection and How to Prevent It
• Encrypting Data in SQL
• Auditing and Monitoring Database Activity

 • Query Execution Plans and Analysis
• Optimizing Joins and Subqueries
• Index Optimization Strategies
• Using Temporary Tables and Table Variables
• Best Practices for Writing Efficient SQL Queries

 • Common Table Expressions (CTEs)
• Window Functions (`ROW_NUMBER`, `RANK`, `LEAD`, `LAG`)
• Recursive Queries
• Partitioning Data
• Handling Complex Data Types (JSON, XML)

 • Connecting SQL with Programming Languages (Python, R)
• Using SQL in Data Science and Analytics
• Exporting and Importing Data (`LOAD DATA`, `BULK INSERT`)
• Connecting SQL to BI Tools (Tableau, Power BI)
• Using SQL in Web Development (SQL with PHP, ASP.NET)

 • Real-World SQL Query Examples
• Case Studies in Different Industries (Finance, Healthcare, Retail)
• Group Exercises and Collaborative Projects
• Building a Complete Database Solution